The Definitive Guide toAI Data Centers
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Numbers Provenance Register

1,036 canonical active claims across 1,328 chapter occurrences. Each claim appears once by default; expand it to see every place the guide quotes it. The all-rows view lists those occurrences alongside claims not yet placed in a chapter and the figures on the watchlist.

1,036 active claims1,328 chapter occurrences463 with revision history26 flagged contested review due
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Before carrying a figure into a design or model, match its value kind and scope to your decision, check its as-of and review dates, and open the cited source. A contested figure has credible sources that materially disagree, so test the decision against the competing values. Sparklines and the recently revised list show recorded changes; review health follows each figure's review-by date and fast, standard, or slow cadence.

  • derived · 25 Derived values are guide calculations; their result is only as fixed as the stated inputs, scope, and method.
  • forecast · 92 Forecasts are time-bound outlooks, not specifications; test decisions across plausible scenarios.
  • observed · 899 Reported measurements, counts, and specifications keep the precision and scope stated by their source; an exact specification is not treated as a range.
  • proposed · 1 Proposed values are not yet final requirements or specifications; track the decision or rulemaking that can change them.
  • recommendation · 19 Recommendations are design guidance, not measured facts; validate them against the project boundary conditions.
1,036 matches · showing 1100
Canonical claimValueKind / scopeTrendAs ofReviewUpdatedOccurrencesSource
1.6T switch deployment; ramp faster than 800G, >5M ports within 1-2 years of shippingfirst volume yr 2026
observed
2026checking…Dell'Oro Group
1 GW AI data center: up-front capex ~$37.9B (servers ~$21.2/W with GPUs inside that line, facility ~$11.4/W, network ~$4.9/W, land + utility works ~$0.3/W) and all-in annual TCO (~$8.5M/MW-yr)~$38B / ~$8.5B/yr
observed
2026-05checking…Epoch AI, AI datacenter cost breakdown
Guide-model 1 GW annual TCO scenarios at 3-/5-/7-year IT useful life; 3-year case is ~71% above 7-year$12B / $8.5B / $7B
derivedGuide scenario using Epoch AI / AM Compute inputs; the 3-, 5- and 7-year lives are model assumptions, not measured fleet lives.
2025checking…Epoch AI / AM Compute synthesis
20-rack legacy retrofit all-in vs equivalent new build; ~70% of new-build performance at ~20% of cost · contested$3.3M vs $16M
observed
2025checking…STL Partners — liquid-cooling retrofit ~80% less than new build (contested, single-source practitioner estimate)
2026 HBM3E supply gap, fully allocated; CoWoS advanced-packaging capacity is the true supply gate~30% / sold out
observed
2026checking…SemiAnalysis / TrendForce
3M completed its exit from PFAS manufacturing at the end of 2025, ending its Novec 1230 production; FK-5-1-12 remains available from other manufacturers.Completed at end-2025
observedcompany: 3M
2026-08checking…not placed3M, 3M to Exit PFAS Manufacturing by the End of 2025
3M PFAS settlement with US public water systems (final approval Mar 2024); Novec exit by end-2025$12.5B
observed
2024-2025checking…DCD; The Cooling Report; 3M filings
3M's last Novec/PFAS fluorochemical orders; production wind-down through 2025 (drove the two-phase-immersion exit)Mar 2025
observed
2025checking…ServeTheHome / DCD / C&EN
±400 VDC HVDC cables feeding an IT rack from the sidecar (Diablo later rev)16 × 50 kW
observed
2026checking…OCP Diablo 400 v0.7.0
512+ GPU job failure rate after lemon-node ejection — a sensitivity result the model must reproduce14% → 4%
observed
2024checking…Meta, Revisiting Reliability (arXiv 2410.21680)
800G optical transceiver lead time — volume orders ~36–50 wk (floor raised after NVIDIA's 2026-03 $4B EML pre-buy), non-priority buyers quoted past 2027; EML lasers are the constraint, 800G supply 40–60% below demand through 2027~36–50 wk
observed
2026-05checking…not placedMcKinsey via TechTimes (2026-05); Supply Chain Connect (2026); TrendForce (2026-04)
800G optics power: DSP pluggable vs LPO; CPO under ~6 W14-17 W → 7-8.5 W
observed
2025checking…Vitex Direct
abandoned factory shell to 100k-GPU training cluster (xAI Colossus, Memphis); doubled to 200k in a further 92 days122 days
observed
2024–2025checking…NVIDIA Newsroom (Spectrum-X / xAI Colossus)
ABB synchronous-condenser orders announced for VoltaGrid: 27 booked in Q1-Q3 2025 plus 35 additional orders announced 26 March 2026; ordered, not installed62 sync condensers
observed
2026-03-26checking…ABB
accelerated GPU economic life — contested: bear case 2–3 yr on obsolescence; Goldman Sachs estimates 4–6 yr useful life vs 5–6 yr book · contested2–3 yr (bear case) vs 4–6 yr (GS)
forecastGoldman Sachs characterizes four to six years as the estimated useful life of AI accelerators; it does not substantiate a general two-to-three-year economic life or a universal 20–40% three-year residual value.
2026checking…Goldman Sachs
accelerator-utilization threshold for a passing MLPerf Storage result (70% for Cosmoflow); holding this line is the loader's core objective≥90%
observed
2026-06-29: 90 → 2026-07-07: 90Aug 2025checking…MLCommons, MLPerf Storage v2.0
accelerators served per storage system in MLPerf Storage v2.0 vs v1.0 — storage scaling tracking compute scaling~2x accelerators
observed
2025checking…MLCommons (MLPerf Storage v2.0)
acres per MW of IT on GW-scale AI campuses (full campus incl. substation/cooling yard)0.7–0.9
observed
2025–2026checking…Reuters / operator filings (Hyperion, Stargate)
active generation + storage in US interconnection queues (end-2025; >1.5x US installed capacity; down from 2,290 GW end-2024)>2,060 GW
observed
end-2025checking…LBNL, US interconnection queue data through 2025 (May 2026)
active in-row cooler capacity per rack (contained); fan-wall close-coupled similar~30–50 kW
observed
2025checking…Vertiv
active local opposition groups across 49 states (more than doubled YoY)833
observed
Q1 2026checking…Data Center Watch / 10a Labs
active RDHx capacity per rack — mainstream ~50–100 kW; SuperMicro's July-2026 DCBBS line rates ten door models at 10–120 kW at the door (rack-level claim 240 kW — entering-water temperature unpublished, likely dual-door or door+D2C)~50–120 kW
observed
2026-07checking…Motivair
additional US pipeline capacity INGAA projects is needed by 2052 to serve load growth+39%
forecast
2025checking…Natural Gas Intelligence / INGAA
advanced Nvidia accelerators authorized for the Gulf (G42 + HUMAIN, ~35k each) under the RTE compact~70,000 chips
observed
Nov 2025checking…US Commerce statement; CNBC; DCD
aeroderivative turbine lead time (refurb under 12 mo; some cores quoted to ~243 weeks) — new-build order slots quoted for 2028–2030 as of 202618–36 mo+
observed
2025checking…2025 synthesis; Data Center Frontier / power-eng aeroderivative coverage (2026)
vendor-projected shift toward more host CPU capacity for some agentic workloads; ratios require a named accelerator, CPU-package/socket and host denominatordirectional; profile host throughput per workload
observedAn eight-accelerator dual-socket host is 8 accelerators per host but 4 accelerators per CPU package. Do not compare ratios with different denominators.
2026checking…TrendForce; Intel (via TrendForce)
aggregate NVLink bandwidth in one GB200 NVL72 domain (72 GPUs, ~13.4 TB unified memory)~130 TB/s
observed
2025checking…NVIDIA NVLink / OCP NVL72 contribution
aggregate storage bandwidth per 1,024 training GPUs (~2 PB initial); place on front-end, not back-end~250–400 GB/s
observed
2025checking…SemiAnalysis storage sizing
AI-app gross margin vs 70-90% for mature SaaS~41% to ~52%
observed
2026checking…ICONIQ State of AI 2026; Bessemer
AI-driven incremental US gas demand projected by 2030; US gas demand to ~150 Bcf/d by 2031~6 Bcf/d
forecast
2030-2031checking…SemiAnalysis / RAND; INGAA
AI hardware refresh interval compressing from a 5-7 yr norm — the engine of recurring embodied carbon18-36 mo
observedhardware refresh interval
2026checking…Goldman/CNBC
AI/high-performance storage market 2025, growing ~24–25% CAGR; vendor consolidation underway~$36B / ~24% CAGR
observed
2025checking…Market research (DataM, SNS Insider et al.)
AI/HPC scheduler share: Slurm / Kubernetes / in-house (rule of thumb)~70% / ~20% / ~10%
observed
2026checking…HPCwire, ‘Slurm vs Kubernetes in the Age of AI’; ClusterMAX
AI inference capacity to 2030 (~35% CAGR) vs training 23.1 → 62.2 GW (~22%)20.9 → 93.3 GW
observed
2026checking…McKinsey, 'The next big shifts in AI workloads'
AI-optimized facility build cost, facility-only (shell + fit-out, excl. IT/servers) (JLL 2026 Outlook; Goldman models ~$15M/MW; ~$11.3M/MW all-build global avg)~$15-25M/MW
observed
2026checking…JLL 2026 Outlook; Goldman Sachs; iRecruit / Construct Elements market data
dense-hall slab capacity has no universal screening allowance; engineer the declared dead, live, concentrated, rolling, rigging, seismic and anchorage load states under the adopted codeProject-specific structural design
recommendationFinal capacity follows site soil, slab, reinforcement, joints, punching, bearing, deflection, vibration, and the declared equipment and movement load states.
2026-08-24checking…ASCE/SEI 7-22; ACI CODE-318-25
AI-spec slab-on-grade thickness (post-tensioned, epoxy rebar) vs 6-8 in legacy; +$50-75/sq ft12-18 in
observed
2025checking…gbc-engineers (slab/live-load design)
AI storage market (2025), ~24% CAGR; QLC + data reduction displacing HDD across hot and capacity tiers~$36B
observed
2025checking…Precedence Research; MarketsandMarkets (AI-Powered Storage)
AI storage market size and CAGR — the consolidation pressure behind certified-appliance lock-in~$36B / ~24%
observed
2025checking…Precedence Research, AI-Powered Storage Market (2025)
air-permit timing for combustion bridge power is jurisdiction- and case-specific; EPA Region 8 examples span roughly 60 days to a year or more depending on modeling, comments and permit path~60 days-1 year+; case-specific
observed
2026-08-24checking…U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 8
all-in cost per 8-GPU H100 server (excl. storage); ~$31k/GPU/yr enterprise all-in$283–318k
observed
2025checking…SemiAnalysis AI Neocloud Playbook
all three suppliers' entire 2026 HBM output pre-booked by end-2025; ~30% demand-supply gapSold out 2026
observed
2026checking…All Weather Capital
allocation-constrained silicon per GB200 NVL72 rack — theft/destruction economics differ from generic cloud hardware~$3M+
observed
2025checking…SemiAnalysis (GB200 NVL72 TCO, 2025); ~$3.1M server-only / ~$3.9M all-in
AMD EPYC 9965 (Turin) host CPU, DDR5-6000/6400; Intel Xeon 6 up to 128 P-cores w/ MRDIMM-8800192 cores / 500 W
observed
2025checking…AMD; Intel; Phoronix
AMD Helios (72× MI455X) rack-scale FP4 (1.4 EF FP8), 31 TB HBM4, ORW double-wide~2.9 EF FP4
observed
2026checking…AMD / NextPlatform / DCD
AMD Helios / MI400-series rack availability — MI455X UALoE72 low volume 2H 2026, mass ramp Q2 2027; AMD Q1 2026 call: on track, with anchor deals (OpenAI 6 GW) absorbing early supply2H 2026
observed
2026-05checking…not placedThe Next Platform
AMD MI355X availability — ramping through 1H26; Oracle first hyperscaler with public instances, building a 27,000+ node MI355X clusterramping through 1H26
observed
2025-11checking…not placedInvesting.com earnings-call transcript
AMD MI355X FP4 (no sparsity) and HBM3E capacity; 1,400 W peak board power~10.1 PFLOPS / 288 GB
observed
2025checking…AMD Instinct MI355X GPU datasheet (LE-92703-00, 10/25)
AMD MI355X FP4 (sparse), CDNA4, with native FP6 support~20 PFLOPS
observed
2025checking…AMD MI355X product page
AMD MI355X/MI325X 8-GPU system lead time — editorial proxy, no OEM-published SKU clock as of mid-2026. MI325X ~6–12 wk standard; MI355X ~8–16 wk; 12–24 wk for large or custom liquid-cooled deployments~8–20 wk
observed8-GPU systems, accepted orders; proxy range
2026-07checking…not placedEditorial proxy triangulated from SLYD OEM lead-time benchmarks (2026-01) and Crusoe MI355X program ~3–6 mo announcement-to-service (2025-06-12); no public OEM SKU-level quote found as of 2026-07
AMD–OpenAI Instinct supply agreement over 5 yr; first 1 GW (MI450) H2 2026; up to 160M AMD shares to OpenAI6 GW
observed
2025checking…AMD / TechCrunch / DCD
AMD price discount vs comparable NVIDIA SXM; inference effective-TCO gap → ~0/favorable~15–30%
observed
2025-2026checking…PromptCost.org
AMD stack with RCCL NCCL-API parity; MI350X/MI355X support (7.0 Sep 2025); production line 7.14 on TheRock (2026-07-15; 7.9–7.13 were tech previews); six-week feature cadence committed Jul 2026ROCm 7.14 (production)
observed
2026-07checking…AMD ROCm release history; Phoronix (2026-07-16 production release; 2026-07-24 six-week cadence, Advancing AI 2026)
Americans opposing a local data center / worried it raises their energy bill~70% / 78%
observed
2026checking…Consumer Reports; survey synthesis
annual AI revenue shortfall by 2030 even after AI-driven savings (the bubble-case gap)~$800B
forecast
2025checking…Bain & Company, Global Technology Report
annual cooling-energy cut from water-side economizing vs mechanical chilling, temperate climates~40–65%
observed
2023–2025checking…Journal of Korean Institute of Architectural Sustainable Environment and Building Systems
annual EED reporting deadline (prior calendar year); FY2023 first cycle was 15 Sep 202415 May
observedAnnual operator submission to the European database for the preceding calendar year
2026-06-29: 15 → 2026-08-24: 152026-08-24checking…Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2024/1364
annual free-cooling hours in a Nordic climate; PUE as low as ~1.09~7,000-8,000+ hr
observed
2025checking…w.media
ANSI/BICSI 002-2024 — the most comprehensive lifecycle design+implementation standard; 2024 ed. expanded liquid/immersion~575 pp
observed
2024checking…BICSI
ANSI/NETA Acceptance Testing Specifications — the current as-installed bar for switchgear, breakers, relays and primary injectionATS-2025
observed
2025checking…ANSI/NETA ATS-2025; NETA World Journal
ANSI/TIA-942-C revision date; renames "Tier" to "Rated-1..4" and adds AI-growth & sustainability accommodationsMay 2024
observed
2024checking…TIA TR-42.1
approximate silicon value concentrated in a single GB200 NVL72 rack (1.36 t) — the asset-value density driving target priority$3–4M
forecast
2025checking…NVIDIA / SemiAnalysis (derived)
architecture cadence — Blackwell 2024, Blackwell Ultra 2025, Rubin 2026, Rubin Ultra 2027, Feynman 2028annual
observed
2026checking…The Next Platform
ASHRAE commissioning-process / Basis-of-Design / data-center-specific Cx guidelines; Std 202 formalizes the Cx-ProcessGd 0 / 1.1 / 1.6
observed
2025checking…ASHRAE; ACHR News
ASHRAE liquid classes by max supply water temp (17/27/32/40/45 °C, plus W+); all share a 2 °C lower limitW17–W45+
observed
2025checking…ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines 5th ed.; Upsite
ASHRAE recommended inlet band; allowable A1 15–32, A2 10–35, A3 5–40, A4 5–45 °C18–27 °C
observed
2024checking…ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines (5th ed.)
ASHRAE TC 9.9 air classes and liquid W-classes (5th ed. + 2024 liquid-cooling resiliency addendum)A1–A4 / W17–W45
observed
2024checking…ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines
ASHRAE TC 9.9 Thermal Guidelines edition introducing the liquid-cooling chapter and W-classes5th ed.
observed
2024–2025checking…ASHRAE TC 9.9; Upsite
assessed posture of frontier labs vs OC4–OC5 adversaries that want the weights — the central gap~SL2–SL3
observed
2026checking…RAND RRA2849-1; IFP / IST SL5 Task Force
attack vectors infeasible for OC1–OC3 but feasible for OC4–OC5 — why nation-state defense is categorically harder8 of 38
observed
2024checking…RAND RRA2849-1
attenuation per doubling of distance from a point source — the cheapest, most reliable decibel; setback is the first lever~6 dB
observed
2026checking…Acoustic geometric-spreading (inverse-square) principle
total Sweden-Finland transfer capability in each direction after the 380 km Aurora Line was commissioned on 13 Nov 2025 (+~900 MW FI→SE / +~800 MW SE→FI) — which also raised permitted withdrawal around Luleå/Boden from 345 to 745 MW~1,900 MW
observedNext planned link, Fenno-Skan 3 (~800 MW), is not expected until ~2038.
Nov 2025checking…not placedFingrid; Svenska kraftnät
automated node replacement on a best-in-class fleet — the day-2 lifecycle target~90 sec
forecast
2026checking…SemiAnalysis AI Neocloud Playbook / ClusterMAX
average annualized insider-risk cost per organization in the cited DTEX/Ponemon report (349 organizations)$17.4M
observedUse the report's named sample and definition. The source record does not establish a cross-study 'largest ever' comparison.
2026 report (2025 data)checking…Ponemon Institute / DTEX 2026 Cost of Insider Risks Global Report (2025 data; 349 organizations)
average breach cost in IBM's 2025 Cost of a Data Breach report: $4.44M global and $10.22M US$4.44M global / $10.22M US
observedOne IBM/Ponemon report vintage. Do not combine 2026 values or AI-breach findings with the 2025 value, as-of date and locator.
2025checking…IBM/Ponemon Cost of a Data Breach 2025
average commercial rate in the top-10 US data center states (≈ identical to other states)~14.4-14.5¢/kWh
observed
2025-26checking…Electric Choice / RealClearEnergy synthesis
average cost of data-center downtime (≈$5,000/min)$300k/hr
observed
2025checking…Uptime Institute / industry downtime analyses
average eCrime breakout time (initial access to first lateral movement) in 2025, down from 48 min in 2024; fastest 27 s29 min
observed
2025checking…CrowdStrike 2026 Global Threat Report
average energy savings from retro-/re-commissioning of an existing facility (often more)10–20%
observed
2023checking…U.S. DOE FEMP / LBNL retro-commissioning studies
average time to detect and contain an insider incident (down from 86 in 2023); far longer than a checkpoint copy takes81 days
observed
2025checking…Ponemon 2025 Cost of Insider Risks
AWS facilities directly hit by drones (UAE) + 1 blast-damaged (Bahrain), Mar 2026 — first confirmed combat strike on US-run hyperscale DC2 + blast
observed
Mar 2026checking…DefenseScoop / DCK / MWI (West Point)
AWS Trainium3 availability — shipping since start of 2026 and nearly fully subscribed; Trainium2 largely sold out; Trainium4 planned for 2027; AWS in-house chips (Trainium+Graviton+Nitro, blended) ~$25B annualized with ~$225B multi-year commitmentsnearly fully subscribed
observed
2026-08checking…not placedAmazon Q1 2026 earnings, Andy Jassy (2026-04-30); Q2 2026 earnings + Bezos remarks (Aug 2026): Trainium4 2027, ~$25B annualized in-house chip revenue, $225B commitments
back-calculated NVL72 footprint loading (3,000-3,300 lb over 0.64 m²; ~21-23 kN/m²); NVIDIA publishes no official floor spec~435-480 psf
observed
2026checking…HPE
back-end fabric cost avoided with 2:1 oversubscription (virtual-modular-switch design) vs the non-oversubscribed reference — where the workload allows (contested — single-source) · contested~31%
observedSemiAnalysis models the 31.6% saving for 2:1 oversubscription and recommends 2:1 for small clusters; the cited passage does not model ~3:1 (Meta ran 7:1 between pods).
2026-06-29: 31 → 2026-07-14: 312024checking…SemiAnalysis, AI Neocloud Playbook and Anatomy
back-end NICs per training node = 3.2 Tb/s/node; 1:1 non-blocking 8-rail fat-tree8× 400 Gb/s
observedOne named 8-rail training reference design, not a workload-name mandate. Validate the port rate, rail count, and blocking ratio against the target traffic matrix, topology, placement, failure headroom, and step-time objective.
2025checking…SemiAnalysis AI Neocloud Playbook
back-end SuperNIC provisioning (8×400G/800G per 8-GPU server = 3.2–6.4 Tb/s/node) + a separate front-end/storage NIC1 per GPU
observed
2026-06-29: 1 → 2026-07-10: 12025checking…NVIDIA RA
Bartz v. Anthropic settlement — largest US copyright payout; ~$3,000 per work across ~500,000 works; pirated copies ordered destroyed$1.5B
observed
2026-06-29: 1500000000 → 2026-08-19: 15000000002026-07-20 (final judgment)checking…Bartz v. Anthropic (N.D. Cal.); Authors Guild; Fortune
ISO-Base platform displacement (standard ~6 in; XD 10.25 in) and supported equipment weight (~$15-20k/unit, practitioner estimate — vendor does not publish pricing)6–10 in / up to 10,000 lb
observed
2026checking…WorkSafe Technologies (ISO-Base / ISO-Base XD)
battery-capacity cut and double-conversion-loss cut from distributed BBU + supercaps vs central 2N~50% / 2–3%
observed
2026checking…SemiAnalysis; Eaton 800 VDC reference architecture
behind-the-meter gas announced cumulatively by mid-2026 (~60 GW with equipment orders, ~two-thirds of projects; only ~1 GW under construction)~90 GW
forecast
2026-07-02: 90 → 2026-08-19: 902026-08checking…Cleanview, 'Bypassing the Grid' (mid-2026)
behind-the-meter (mostly gas) announced since Jan 2025; the speed-vs-carbon tradeoff in one number~82 GW
forecast
2026-06-29: 82 → 2026-08-24: 822026checking…Cleanview
reported MTBF for one 512-H100 cluster at a top-tier operator~7 days / one 512-H100 cluster
observedSemiAnalysis reported this for one 512-H100 cluster at a top-tier operator in October 2024. It is not a per-GPU rate, a scaling law, or a portable fleet baseline; do not extrapolate it by accelerator count.
2024-10checking…SemiAnalysis, AI Neocloud Playbook and Anatomy
BF16 MFU achieved pre-training Llama 3 on 16k H100s (frontier-scale reference point)~41%
observed
2024checking…Meta, The Llama 3 Herd of Models
BF16 MFU gain on H100 (GPT-3 175B) from software/kernel maturation over ~12 months, Jan–Dec 2024 (≈57% throughput from software alone)34% → 54%
observed
2024checking…SemiAnalysis (H100 vs GB200 NVL72 Training Benchmarks, Oct 2025)
BIS moves named advanced-compute exports to China/Macau from presumption-of-denial to case-by-case reviewJan 15 2026
observed
2026checking…US BIS final rule; Baker McKenzie sanctions analysis
Blackwell (B200/GB200) allocation backlog for new orders — the last cleanly reported order-to-delivery lead time; NVIDIA has since communicated allocation status, not weeks~12 mo
observed
2024-10checking…Morgan Stanley via Data Center Dynamics (2024-10-11)
Blackwell CC overhead on large matrix ops (encrypted HBM + TEE-I/O over NVLink); Hopper far heavier on small/PCIe transfersunder ~3%
observed
2025checking…NVIDIA; independent Hopper CC benchmark (arXiv 2409.03992)
Blackwell vs Rubin 2026 shipment mix — TrendForce raised Blackwell to ~71% and cut Rubin to 22% on HBM4 validation, the ConnectX-8→9 migration, power and cooling stepsBlackwell ~71% of 2026
observed
2026-04checking…not placedTrendForce via The Register (2026-04-08)
Bloom–Oracle SOFC framework (1.2 GW initially contracted); near-zero criteria pollutants; ~$3,000–4,000/kWup to 2.8 GW
observed
2026checking…Bloom Energy IR / press
BlueField-4 Arm Neoverse V2 complex (64B transistors, ~6× BF-3 compute); 128 GB LPDDR5; PCIe Gen664-core
observed
2026 (announced)checking…NVIDIA / WWT / HPCwire