The Definitive Guide toAI Data Centers
Ask the GuideAboutAccount

Appendix D

In this chapter · 4 sections
Term help
Terms in this chapter (13)

Numbers Provenance & Forecast Register

A number without a date, source and caveat is a rumor with a decimal point. This appendix is the live, date-stamped register that lets you re-check the guide's volatile headline figures before you bet a slab, an interconnection slot or a financing structure on them.

What you'll decide here

  1. Match a figure's date, source, population and caveat to the decision; a fresh quote for the wrong equipment or contract misleads like a stale one.
  2. Whether a figure behind an irreversible fork is contested. If so, run the decision across the plausible range, not a point estimate.
  3. Where to re-pull a live number before committing capital: filter the register by part and follow the source link to the primary publication.
  4. Which class a figure belongs to: durable (physics, standards), semi-durable (shipping hardware) or volatile (market, economics). The class sets how you may use it.
  5. When to stop and escalate: if an irreversible decision rests on a contested or stale figure, re-verify it against the primary source before you sign.

This guide is full of numbers that move: rack power, capex totals, GW of grid demand, $/GPU-hour, depreciation lives, TWh forecasts. Readers act on exactly these figures, and they go stale fastest. A printed reference freezes them at press time and quietly misleads everyone who reads it a year later. This appendix is the reader's door into the guide's claim library, where each canonical figure is one date-stamped record of its value, vintage, source and scope. Nearly every figure that drives a decision is one click from its origin, so you can re-check it before you act.

Unlike the other appendices, Appendix D is mostly a tool rather than prose: a searchable, part-filterable table over the same claim records that power the inline figures throughout the guide. This page explains what the tool does, how to read an entry, and the provenance discipline behind it: one record per figure, supersession when records merge, scheduled re-check dates and a revision history on every record. It ends with a static crosswalk of the evidence behind the contested depreciation inputs carried over from Chapter 1.8. For the live data, open the tool.

What the tool does

The register is a single source of truth for the guide's volatile figures. Each entry is one metric. It holds the value and its kind (observed, forecast, estimate or derived), the scope, the as-of date, the source and nearly always a link to it, and a review date. Fragile or disputed figures also carry a caveat. The tool lets you do three things at the bench:

  • Search by metric, value, value kind, scope or source. Type "depreciation," "interconnection," or "HBM" and the table narrows live.
  • Filter by part. Narrow the table to any Part of the guide or to the appendices, or to the curated register and the regulatory watchlist. A separate control shows only the contested figures.
  • Verify. Every row carries an as-of date and names its source, and nearly every row links to it, so re-confirming a number against its primary publication is one click, not a research project.

Each row is a claim, the guide's unit of factual record. The figure in a Part 4 key-number block and its register row are one and the same record: fix the record and every linked display shows the new number. The words around that number are written by hand, though. A tile's label, and every comparison table, quiz, deck slide or chapter sentence that repeats the figure, stays as written when the record changes, so check each restatement against the record's scope. When two entries turn out to be the same fact in different clothes, one record supersedes the other and every reference follows the survivor. The publish gates block a page that points at a superseded record, and they block a new divergence between a record and any restatement the checker can match (known, reviewed divergences are baselined).

How to read an entry

Read the entry's quantity, value, kind and scope, vintage, source and caveat, in that order. Then attach the evidence receipt: exact document version and locator, access obtained, date checked and next planned review. A date alone proves none of the underlying checks.

Anatomy of a register entry
FieldWhat it tells youHow to use it
MetricThe quantity being measured (e.g. 'GPU useful life, book vs economic')Confirm it is the quantity you need, not a near-neighbor
ValueThe figure, with units and any rangePrefer the range to the midpoint when the spread is wide
As-of and reviewSource vintage (publication or measurement date; a forecast target or future effective date is separate) and the scheduled re-check dateMatch vintage and population to the decision. A due review means re-pull the source
Kind and scopeWhether the value is observed, a forecast, an estimate or a derived calculation, plus the population or scenario it covers (base case, accelerated, announced-not-built)Use a forecast or estimate only inside its scenario; never lift a value out of its scope
SourceThe primary publication, with a direct link where one existsClick through before underwriting anything irreversible on it
CaveatHow fragile, contested or narrow the figure is; open the claim's own page for its caveat, locator and any derivationA 'CONTESTED' flag means model the range, do not pick a point
Read all six together. The receipt below keeps publication, verification and planned review apart.

A completed evidence receipt. Meta's The Llama 3 Herd of Models, arXiv v1, July 31, 2024, §3.3.4 and Table 5, is publicly accessible. The guide checked that exact passage on September 8, 2026, and the register's next scheduled review is December 22, 2026. The receipt keeps the 54-day population on up to 16,384 H100s: 419 unexpected of 466 total interruptions, with 148 faulty-GPU and 72 HBM3 events. The derived interruption shares use those counts.

The receipt tells you how to read that 54-day training window. It does not give a GB300 annual failure rate, so don't size GB300 spares from it until the new fleet's component exposure and duty match. For a licensed standard, attach the exact clause you actually opened and the project's access record: a catalog's edition date establishes identity, not the contents of a clause you have not opened. Chapter 14.3 owns the failure evidence and Appendix A identifies standards. Source: Meta, §3.3.4 / Table 5.

The provenance discipline

Before a figure drives a decision, classify it, then constrain how you may use it. These three classes are a reading rule; the volatility tag on each register record sets only how often it is re-checked (fast, standard or slow).

  • Durable (physics, standards, thermodynamics): design against the level, but keep its scope. A cited 30–40 kW typical RDHx range and a >50 kW active-door example are not universal air-cooling limits; test the specific door against your facility's water and air conditions. → Chapter 0.3.
  • Semi-durable (shipping hardware specs): use the level, but confirm the part actually ships on your timeline. A roadmap rack power is not a procurable one.
  • Volatile (market, capex, rental rates, forecasts): use the direction, and re-pull a live number before committing. Cross this with the reversibility lens. A volatile figure driving a reversible decision is fine; a volatile figure driving an irreversible one is the trap.

The register flags a figure CONTESTED wherever reasonable analysts disagree and the disagreement itself carries weight. The contested set includes fabric oversubscription, revenue per GW of contracted IT, hyperscaler depreciation policy, and GPU economic-versus-book life with its residual value. When a contested figure drives an irreversible fork, don't pick a point estimate. Run the decision across the plausible range and confirm the branch holds wherever the number lands. → the discipline is set out in Chapter 1.8.

Each record carries a review date, set explicitly or derived from its cadence (fast: 30 days, standard: 120 days, slow: a year). The date schedules a re-check; it does not record one, so log who checked which passage and when. A passed check changes the verification receipt, not the source vintage: a 2024 measurement re-verified in 2026 is still a 2024 measurement, and the as-of date says so. When a figure fails a check, it is corrected at the record rather than padded with a disclaimer. The change shows in that claim's revision history on the register and in the guide's updates, so the register's own history is auditable. The public corrections page lists only corrections that readers submitted and the guide accepted.

Static reference: evidence for the Chapter 1.8 useful-life decision

One figure-set separates reproducible arithmetic from disputed earning assumptions: the GPU useful-life debate from Chapter 1.8. Some operators book AI servers over 5–6 years. Goldman Sachs estimates a 4–6 year useful life. The 2–3 year case is a contested obsolescence bear case, not an observed universal economic life. The fixed-input 1 GW sensitivity in Chapter 1.8 applies exactly 3, 5 and 7 IT years (the workbook default is about 5.3), and its linked cost totals and three-versus-seven premium of about 70% use unrounded Epoch workbook inputs. This is an earning-life scenario, not a change in cash caused by book depreciation. Model book life and economic life, and disclose which one your covenants assume.

Useful-life evidence: copy the right boundary
InputEvidence to obtainModel consequence
Book depreciationCompany filings, with effective dates. Meta extended certain servers and network assets to 5.5 years from 4–5, and Amazon shortened a subset of servers and networking from 6 to 5 years, both effective January 1, 2025 (FY2025 filings). Earlier, Microsoft FY2023 report: servers and network equipment 4→6 years, effective FY2023. Alphabet FY2023 filing: Google servers 4→6, certain network equipment 5→6, effective 2023. Microsoft's July 2026 change lengthened building lives from 15 to 25 years (from FY27), not server lives.Historical book estimates change reported expense, not the earning life of a 2026 GPU; tax depreciation has its own schedule.
Technical service lifeOEM support term, spare parts and observed conditionAbility to operate, maintain and restore the specific product
Economic replacementThe workload, revenue and efficiency scenario in Chapter 1.8Earning period and timing of replacement expenditure
Residual proceedsDated same-SKU bid less removal, transfer and sale costsNet terminal cash; stress zero when no recoverable bid exists
Debt and refresh fundingExecuted covenant, amortization, cash reserves and replacement planDebt coverage and refresh liquidity are separate decisions
Use Chapter 1.8 for the life scenarios and Appendix C for the retained-fleet cash-flow bridge.
~$6.7Tforecast
McKinsey (Apr 2025) cumulative data-center investment through 2030: $5.2T AI-capable plus $1.5T traditional (AI middle scenario: ~156 GW demand)
Scope & caveats

Cumulative forecast covering power generation and transmission, facility infrastructure and IT equipment; distinct from Dell'Oro's annual Data Center IT Capex taxonomy

McKinsey restated the approximately $7T outlook on 2026-03-27, linking to the April 2025 analysis.

~950 TWhforecast
IEA base case for global data center electricity demand in 2030 (~485 TWh in 2025); ~3% of global electricity
Scope & caveats

IEA base case of about 945 TWh, rounded to ~950 TWh.

>2,060 GW
Active US generation and storage interconnection queue at end-2025; not a schedule for serving data-center load
Scope & caveats

Generation and storage seeking transmission interconnection — supply-side context, not a large-load service queue. LBNL attributes the year-on-year decline to both withdrawals and fewer new requests and cautions that reform effects are not yet measurable.

~70%derived
Annualized cost at a three-year IT life versus seven years, other inputs fixed; the earning lives are assumptions
Scope & caveats

Guide sensitivity with fixed Epoch May 2026 capital, annual operating cost and WACC. Only economic earning life changes; book depreciation is separate. The workbook default is about 5.3 years, not exactly five.

~$2.8/hr
Silicon Data neocloud H100 rental index, October 2026 reading; it moves several percent a week, so re-pull before committing
Scope & caveats

One dated reading of one standardized neocloud series, which moves several percent a week: $2.81 on 2026-10-05, about $2.65 a week before 2026-10-19 (implied by the +7.2% seven-day change) and $2.84 on 2026-10-19. Re-pull before committing. This is a different series from SemiAnalysis's one-year contract index, which rose about 40% ($1.70 to $2.35 per GPU-hour) between October 2025 and March 2026.

Why a date-stamp beats a footnote

A conventional reference cites its source and stops. That tells you where a number came from but not when it was true, and in this market, when is everything. Of the key numbers above, four capture a moving system at one moment: the rental rate, the queue length and the capex and TWh forecasts. Expect a different value from each when its source issues its next reading or edition. The register gives the vintage a field of its own, shown as prominently as the value, so you can check that a figure's date and scope fit the decision before you use its level.

The second move is the explicit caveat. Most numbers in this domain carry a scope condition (a scenario, a precision, an 'announced not built' label) that, when stripped, turns a defensible figure into a misleading one. By attaching the scope, and a caveat where one is needed, to the record itself, the register makes the scope travel with the number. The CONTESTED flag is the strongest form of this: a standing instruction not to point-estimate. → the figures that bind to this register are surfaced in Chapter 1.8, with macro framing in Chapter 16.4 and 2030 scenarios in Chapter 16.5.

The live register is the companion to the whole guide, but it binds most tightly to the economics. Chapter 1.8 owns the contested depreciation debate. Chapter 0.3 defines the metrics and costing denominators the figures assume. Chapter 14.9 covers refresh and decommissioning execution, Chapter 16.4 the sector-macro view and Chapter 16.5 the 2030 scenarios. For the figures themselves, dated and sourced, open the Numbers Register →.
Cite this chapter
Fehn, J. (2026). Numbers Provenance & Forecast Register (Chapter D). The Definitive Guide to AI Data Centers. https://aidatacenterguide.com/appendix-appendices-and-reference-data/d-numbers-provenance-and-forecast-register (accessed 2026-10-25).
@misc{aidc-D,
  author       = {Fehn, Jacob},
  title        = {Numbers Provenance & Forecast Register (Chapter D)},
  howpublished = {The Definitive Guide to AI Data Centers},
  year         = {2026},
  url          = {https://aidatacenterguide.com/appendix-appendices-and-reference-data/d-numbers-provenance-and-forecast-register},
  note         = {Accessed 2026-10-25}
}
Spotted an error? Suggest an edit